What are the ingredients of lubricating oil?

Lubricating oil generally consists of two parts: base oil and additives. Base oil is the main component of lubricating oil and determines the basic properties of lubricating oil. Additives can make up for and improve the performance of base oils and give some new properties. It is an important part of lubricating oil.

Lubricating oil base oil is mainly divided into three categories: mineral base oil, synthetic base oil and biological base oil. Mineral base oils are widely used and used in a large amount (about 95% or more). However, in some applications, synthetic base oils and bio-oil base oils must be used for blending products, so these two base oils have developed rapidly.

Mineral oil base oil is refined from crude oil. The main production processes of lubricating base oil include: atmospheric and vacuum distillation, solvent deasphalting, solvent refining, solvent dewaxing, clay or hydrogenation supplement refining.

The chemical composition of mineral base oils includes high boiling point, high molecular weight hydrocarbons and non-hydrocarbon mixtures. Its composition is generally alkane (straight chain, branched chain, multi-branched chain), cycloalkane (monocyclic, bicyclic, polycyclic), aromatic hydrocarbon (monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon), cycloalkyl aromatic hydrocarbon and oxygen-containing, nitrogen-containing , Sulfur-containing organic compounds and non-hydrocarbon compounds such as gums and asphaltenes. Biological base oil (vegetable oil) is becoming more and more popular, it can be biodegraded and quickly reduce environmental pollution. Synthetic lubricating oil has the characteristics of excellent low temperature performance, good lubrication performance and long service life. It can be suitable for environments such as high load, high speed, high vacuum, high energy radiation and strong oxidizing media. Since all industrial companies in the world are seeking measures to reduce environmental pollution, and this "natural" lubricant has this feature, although the cost of vegetable oil is high, the increased cost is enough to offset the use of other mineral oils and synthetic lubricants Environmental governance costs caused by oil. According to the nature and processing technology of crude oil, it is classified into paraffin base oil, intermediate base oil and naphthenic base oil.

Why do lubricants need additives?

Lubricating oil base oil possesses some basic characteristics and performance of lubricating oil, but only relying on general processing technology to improve lubricating oil cannot produce lubricating oil with various properties that meet the requirements of use. In order to make up for the defects of certain properties of lubricating oil and give lubricating oil some new excellent properties, various additives with different functions are added to the lubricating oil. The addition amount ranges from a few parts per million to tens of percent.

Adding additives to lubricating oil has two main functions: one is to change the physical properties of the lubricating oil, such as viscosity, freezing point, etc.; the other is to increase or enhance the chemical properties of the lubricating oil, such as anti-oxidation and anti-corrosion. The use of additives in lubricating oil not only meets the requirements of various new machinery and engines, but also prolongs the service life of lubricating oil, reducing the demand for lubricating oil in the proportion of petroleum products.

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